CLOUD SEEDING FOR AUGMENTING RAINFALL
Prof.T.Shivaji Rao,
Prof.T.Shivaji Rao,
Director, Center for Environmental Studies,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam.
FOR DETAILED TEXT BOOK OF 176 PAGES CLICK ON THE WEB SITE BELOW
http://tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2012/08/cloud-seeding-video-by-experts.htmlhttp://tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2012/08/cloud-seeding-video-by-experts.html
[ view cloud seeding process explanation through 2Video presentations] and also the following web sites for reading materials on sciencwe of cloud seeding for people's sake]
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxzaGl2YWppcmFvMzJ8Z3g6NjFlZjg1NWI0ZTVhZTM2Mg
(Text Book with figures)
http://www.indiawaterportal.org/blog/varunyantra/17737
(Text Book without figures)
WHY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA,THE RICH POLITICIANS ALWAYS MANIPULATE OFFICIALS AND SCIENTISTS TO OPPOSE CLOUD SEEDING ?
Why BMC is taking so long for cloud seeding experiment ?/it is already confirmed that it has rained properly. Are the Shiv Sena and BJP leaders want to delay this experiment deliberatelly since by september the cloud density will be less and they can earn more money in the experiment which will not create the result. BMC should have done this work in July when cloud cover was adequate also . BJP and Shiv Sena will earn lots of money through tanker mafia. it is corruption which is going on for a long time in Maharastra .it is done by Pawar familly as well-----AMIT[Mumbai]http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/opinions/15565223.cms?ordertype=asc
SUMMARY OF THE BOOK ON CLOUD SEEDING
URGENT NEED FOR CLOUD SEEDING TO INCREASE RAINFALL
Prof.T.Shivaji Rao,
Director, Centre for Environmental Studies, Gitam University
And Expert Member
Cloud Seeding Project of Government of Andhra Pradesh
The key role played by a good water supply as an engine of
economic growth and as a yard stick of public welfare and national prosperity
has been well recognized by the intellectuals of the developed countries like USA
who aptly named water as the “Blue Gold”. The more the water wealth of a nation
the higher will be the opportunities for
achieving high rates of progress in the fields of agriculture production
and industrial growth that help in promoting economic wealth, employment
opportunities and higher standards of living. Hence the advanced countries are
constantly upgrading their water resources by harnessing not only all the
ground and surface waters but also by tapping a renewable, virtually unlimited
and unexploited sky water resource in the atmosphere in the form of innumerable
clouds. Enlightened scientists, bureaucrats, industrialists and statesmen in
about 50 countries are frequently using cloud seeding operations for over 40
years for various purposes like
1.
Increase of annual rainfall for drinking and agricultural purposes,
2.
dispersal of fog in airports and metropolitan city roads
3.
Increase of hydro-power generation at the cheapest cost
4.
Suppression of hail storms to reduce damage to life, crops and properties
5.
mitigation of devastating impacts of recurring droughts
6.
mitigation of damaging impacts of global warming and summer temperatures
7.
increase of annual rain fall for improving the forests, wildlife and the
environment
Several progressive countries like USA, Australia,
China, Thailand, European states, former states of USSR, Latin American states, Arab states, Indonesia and Pakistan are gettinghighly
benefited by employing the advanced cloud seeding technologies for the above
purposes.. Several Indian states interested in promoting economic growth,
agriculture development and public welfare are eager to learn from the
successful experiences of other countries like China and USA and adopt those
technologies by making necessary modifications to suit the local meteorological,
topographical, geographical and other environmental conditions.
Cloud seeding is done to make
some clouds to grow and give rain, and some clouds which give only about 10% to
20% of their water content as rainfall to increase the rainfall by seeding by
30 to 50% at a cost benefit ratio of 1:20 by using aeroplanes and 1:60 by using
ground generators. Due to the heat from the Sun the water in the rivers, lakes
and Oceans becomes water vapour. As this
hot moist water vapour in the air rises into the sky the temperature gets reduced at 7oC per
km height in the sky, the water vapour condenses over smoke and dust particles to
form cloud droplets of 20 microns in diameter [micron is a millionth of a
meter] A million cloud droplets must
join together to form a raindrop of 1mm size to fall over the earth as rainfall
or snowfall
Rain Formation: If a warm
cloud does not contain sufficient number of giant size water drops or
hygroscopic particles the cloud cannot
give 10% to 20% of its moisture as rainfall. In cold clouds whose tops attain
freezing level in the sky, insufficient number of ice-nuclei prevents the
clouds from giving more than 20% of the
water content as in the form of rainfall or snowfall.
How Cloud Seeding Helps?: If warm clouds have to give more rain we
have to inject into them chemicals like hygroscopic common salt or Calcium powder
into such clouds We have to inject Silver Iodide particles into cold clouds which
extend into the freezing zone for about
15km into the sky. So the injection of seeding chemicals into the clouds causes them to
produce additional rainfall upto 25 %
Why Cloud Seeding Is Unavoidable?:
In Modern Times Urbanization,
industrialization and deforestation are increasing the environmental pollution
and global warming which are preventing the clouds from giving the normal
rainfall and consequently drinking water supply and agriculture production,
hydro power generation and employment opportunities are adversely
effected. Hence cloud seeding must be
undertaken to supply more water to correct the above man made problems.
What is scientific secret for warm clouds to produce about 25% additional rainfall?:
When hygroscopic chemicals like
common salt are sprinkled into the warm clouds the water molecules with their
negative oxygen ends interact with the positive sodium ions and the positive
ends of hydrogen surround the negative chloride ions. Consequently the water molecules pull out
sodium ions and chloride ions one by one from the salt crystal and in the
process Giant Condensation Nuclei (GCN) of over 40 microns are formed. These Giant nuclei help to transform lakhs of
smaller cloud drops into big rain drops of about 1 mm in size. Due to the chemical reaction heat is
liberated within the cloud and consequently more moist air is sucked into the
cloud that grows in its size and thereby rainfall is also increased. Depending upon the geographical,
topographical and meteorological conditions the additional rain varies from 10%
to 25% in a given area. Some warm clouds
of about 1km height do not give rain and due to insufficient number of giant
size nuclei (GCN) some larger clouds give only10% to 20% of their water content
as rain while the remaining water content dissipates as moisture into the
atmosphere Hence we have to inject
optimum number of chemical nuclei to extract more water than what the clouds
give in their natural course. See the following figure.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.swf
(animation for dissolution of salt in water - warm cloud seeding)
What is scientific secret for Cold clouds to produce by about 30% additional rainfall?:
(animation for dissolution of salt in water - warm cloud seeding)
What is scientific secret for Cold clouds to produce by about 30% additional rainfall?:
At temperatures below freezing,
the saturation vapour pressure of ice is less than that over a droplet of
water. Water evaporates from droplet and deposits on ice.The water droplet
droplet dissipates while ice crystal grows into a snowflake. . Due to the chemical reaction heat is
liberated within the cloud and consequently more moist air is sucked into the
cloud that grows in its size and thereby rainfall is also increased. Depending upon the geographical, topographical
and meteorological conditions the additional rain varies from 15 to 30%. Due to insufficient number of ice nuclei some
cold clouds do not give rain and some larger clouds give only10% to 20% of
their water content as rain while the remaining water content dissipates as
moisture into the atmosphere. Hence we have to inject optimum number of ice nuclei
or their equivalent nuclei in the form of silver iodide to extract more water
than what the clouds give in their natural course.
Does cloud seeding promote the stealing of one region’s water by people
of another region?
According to one expert ,the
amount of moisture that falls "naturally" as rain at any point in the
world is a very, very small fraction of the total amount of water (actually
water vapor) that is moving over that point at any time. So if you cause more
rain to fall from a thunderstorm through weather modification than what would
fall normally, the additional amount of water vapor it removes would be
insignificant and hard to detect. The churning in the atmosphere that occurs as
the winds push it along would quickly replenish the water vapor that was
removed. Thus there would be little or no discernable difference in available
water vapor downwind from where the precipitation fell out. Also, you need to
realize that the extra rain caused by cloud seeding is not removed from the
system but rather moves back into the atmosphere through evaporation or
transpiration from plants, and is then available to help produce more clouds
down wind. This is part of the hydrological cycle, which is what drives most of
the weather on this planet. If you would like to learn more, try out the
following web sites at: www.weathermodification.org,
China Is World Leader In Cloud Seeding:
In China 37,000 technicians are employed to produce additional
annual rainfall of about 60 billion
cubic meters or about 1800 TMC (Thousand
Million Cubic ft) which is equivalent to the annual river flow in Krishna River
in South India. The cost benefit ratio is estimated at 1:29.
Cloud seeding is done in more
than 40 countries like United States,
Japan, China, Thailand,
South Africa, Canada, Australia,
Pakistan, Indonesia, Latin America, Arabian States, Russia
etc., during the last 50 years. India must take up
cloud seeding to fight the recurring droughts and also to resolve the
interstate water disputes in the Cauvery, Krishna and other rivers and also to
fight the damaging impacts of global warming.
Although several doubts have been raised by scientists in USA and other
countries Chinese Meteorologists have researched and established that cloud seeding is not
only highly scientific but is also a proven technology, if done on scientific
lines.
Presently cloud seeding
operations are proposed to be conducted by the state Governments of Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and other states due to the prevailing large scale
water scarcity. The hydro-power
generation in Karnataka can be increased by augmenting water availability by
squeezing the sky water by cloud seeding. The annual flows in all the rivers like
Cauvery, Krishna , Penna and their tributaries can be increased by about 20% so
that the additional rainfall can be used to resolve the inter –state river
water disputes in South India.
Precipitation in India
: The summer monsoon from the South West starts from the equatorial belt
and crosses over India in
two distinct currents known as the Arabian sea branch and theBay of Bengal branch. According to National Commission of
Agriculture, during the 4 rainy monsoon months of June to September the Arabian
branch carries moisture amounting to about 770 Mham (7700 BCM) and the Bay of
Bengal branch, about 340 Mham (3400 BCM). Of the monsoon moisture content about
25% to 30% precipitates in the form of rainfall. There is a substantial amount
of moisture over the country during the remaining 8 months, contributing a
precipitation of about 100 Mham (1000 BCM) a small part being snowfall. About
3000 rain gages are set up for recording the rainfall by the Indian Meteorological
Department and the state Governments. The national annual average rainfall of
about 120 cm provide annual precipitation of about 390 to 400 Mham (4000 BCM)
including snowfall which is not yet fully recorded.
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