WHY KUDANKULAM REACTORS ARE KILLERS OF INDIANS AND FISHERIES

WHY KUDANKULAM REACTORS ARE  BOUND TO BE 100% KILLERS OF TAMILIANS KERALITES AND FISHERIES IN SOUTH INDIA ?

Prof. T.Shivaji Rao, 
Director,centre for Environmental studies,
GITAM UNIVERSITY,Visakhapatnam.India
http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/482.pdf [Nuclear power costly in Canada]
 http://tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2011/10/kudankulam-nuclear-plant-explosion.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/u235chn.html#c3  [fission products etc.,]
http://www.utc.edu/Research/AsiaProgram/teaching/index.php?section=4&part=5&action=view 
[Hiroshima  radiation shows Low doses cause corresponding Low Damages in man, part,5,Fig-2]
http://mitnse.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/fission_02.pdf  [Fission processes Etc.,]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents  [ Modes of Reactor  accidents]
http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/govt-may-okay-neyveli-lignites-jv-for-rs-10k-crproject/162772/on
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/keyword/neyveli-lignite-corporation
 [Tamilnadu  wants Exports  of coal to uttar Pradesh Etc., for power generation by starving tamilians and by dumping the costliest, riskiest and killer nuclear plants over their unwilling heads,is it not a Criminal Act ?]

Just  as a highly irritated snake being exploted by a greedy business man sometimes  kills a man, nuclear plants silently  kill  mankind and nature for providing illegal money to the greedy contractors, officials and politicians ?

Nuclear Plants are just silent killers of man and Nature. In nature the Uranium ore contains 99.3% of  Uranium-238 and the remaining 0.7% is Uranium-235 and they are almost harmless in nature.  But greedy business people dig the Uranium ore and convert  the least harmful Uranium-235  into the fuel form of Uranium-235  by purifying it to make it a fuel by enriching it from 0.7% to about 4%.   It is packed into pellets  which are put into Fuel rods and inserted into the core of the nuclear reactor for producing both electricity and  Radioactive material for making the killer nuclear  bombs.   In the reactor  when the nuclear atom is given a blow  by a neutron, enormous intense heat and other poisonous Radio-active atoms like Xenon, Barium, Cesium, Strontium and  Plutonium and a few neutrons  are produced. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission

These radioactive substances are discharged into the air and water by several ways and   they enter into the environment consisting of air, water and soil and foods like vegetables, fishes, prawns and they ultimately get into human beings and produce cancers and birth defects in generations of people for many decades to come. 

 http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/fission/fission.html 

http://sites.google.com/site/shivajirao32/nuclearsafety-2

These poisonous radioactive substances  destroy natural and human life and culture and convert lands upto hundreds of kilometers into permanent nuclear burial grounds for ever.

1) AS A THREATENED COBRA KILLS A MAN, PURIFIED URANIUM IN REACTORS POISON MANKIND AND NATURE:

How the harmless Uranium ore materials in nature are converted by man  into destructive and killer materials can be understood by the following simple example. For instance king cobras live in nature in anthills in forests and lead their normal life peacefully by catching their prey for food during nights.   But greedy who want to extract their venom people go and poke their iron rods into their abodes and disturb the Cobras when they become angry and bite the trespassers to inflict death over them by their poisons.   Similarly, the selfish business people are mining the harmless Uranium and converting it into harmful  Enriched Uranium and then using it to produce electricity by means of the Nuclear plants and in the process they are producing Radioactive pollutants that poison man and nature as radioactivity gets into the environment.  In course of time if an accident occurs in the Nuclear plant due to several reasons like in Fukushima or Chernobyl, the poisonous pollutants are thrown into the atmosphere and they kill thousands of people slowly and inflict cancer to millions of people living downstream upto hundreds of Kilometers as in case of Fukushima and Chernobyl accidents.

2) NUCLEAR EXPERTS MISLEAD ON ABSOLUTE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR PLANTS:

The Nuclear plant operators are misleading the public by stating that Nuclear power is safe and cheap just like the medical representatives of various pharmaceutical companies praise before the doctors about the virtues of their medical tablets and tonics as part of their sale promotion activity the nuclear authorities are praising the nuclear plants as safe and cheap energy producers which is a social crime.  This misinformation is dangerous to public health and welfare because in European states almost all people agree that safety of Nuclear power is a Myth as accepted by Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany. She had consulted the genuine experts on nuclear plants and realized that nuclear safety is a myth and ordered for gradual closure of all the nuclear plants in Germany.  If Indian Prime Minister and Union Cabinet Ministers including the Chief Ministers of the states want to know the truth about the safety of the nuclear power plants they must go and visit advanced countries like Germany and Japan and discuss the issue with foreign experts so that they can refrain from promoting nuclear plants as is done by the peoples leader like Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal.   For more scientific details see the above web sites on this topic prepared by independent experts.

http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20110530/coalition-agrees-nuclear-free-germany-by-2022-110530/

i)  Center and State Government Nuclear experts are recklessly propagating that  nuclear reactors are absolutely safe because firstly they are not at all experts as per Section 45 and 51 of Indian Evidence Act and they cannot understand nuclear safety  as envisaged by the standards specified by International Atomic Energy Agency.

Websites: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=krishnaareti

                  http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf

ii)  The Government appointed experts have never studied how Fukushima reactors exploded only due to a series of human failures as had happened even in the case of Bhopal disaster.  The experts never studied  the case of Bhopal disaster to realize that human errors cause disasters for several reasons.   The experts never studied even the 1985 reports on Environmental Impact Assessment  report published by the British Government for 1100MW nuclear power plant at Sizewell including the risk analysis, disaster scenario depicting the travel of radioactive pollutants upto 160km from the reactor, the emergency evacuation procedures, rehabilitation of the victims  and the cost benefit analysis.  They have never studied even the causes and effects of nuclear reactor explosions in Three Mile Island in USA in 1979,  the Chernobyl disaster in Russia in 1986 and  Fukushima explosion in Japan in March 2011 and the damaging effects on public health and ecological systems and the enormous costs of compensation amounting to 4 lakh crores of rupees leading those countries to virtual economic bankruptcy.

http://www.whatisnuclear.com/articles/nucreactor.html

3) SAFE LIGNITE COAL TO BE USED FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IS DIVERTED FROM TAMILNADU TO UTTARA PRADESH AND THRUST IMPORTED AND RISKY REACTORS OVER THE HEADS OF TAMILIANS:

  While it was the duty of the  experts to identify several alternate methods of producing the same amount of electricity in place of the proposed hazardous reactors they have omitted describing such alternatives by utilizing the cheaper, safe and socially acceptable solar power, wind power, natural gas and lignite coal which are available in plenty in India itself.  The experts failed to point out to the state and central Governments that their plan to divert lignite coal from Neyveli of Tamilnadu to a far-off sate like  Uttara Pradesh in North India to generate same electrical power amounts to denying the supply of electricity by using their own local resource instead of dumping on the heads of the people the most costliest and deadliest large reactors to be imported all the way of from the far off country like Russia.  Such an action amounts to denying the right to life, right to health and right to livelihood of lakhs of people of Tamilnadu.

i) Since the Tamilnadu expert committee consists of 2 mechanical engineers, one commerce Post Graduate and one Physicist,  they do not have the necessary  academic background to grasp the fundamentals of the different kinds of radioactive substances in the natural background and their damaging impacts on the mode of braking the single strand and double strands of the helix in the DNA located in the Chromosomes present in the nucleus of the different kinds of cells present in different organs of humanbeings, animal population, marine fishery organisms and the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.  They may not be in a position to grasp the food chains and food webs in nature through which the different kinds of radiation may enter the fisheries and other food.   The biological magnification of some of these  radioactive particles with both short and long half life spans are bound to cause  prolonged damaging effects on normal cells and sperm cells which may  result in the birth of mutilated and unnatural offspring.

ii) Consequently the state nuclear experts are disabled to grasp that any increase in radiation above natural background radiation is bound to  damage  the life systems by causing sickness including cancer and loss of immunity that are conducive for promotion of the incidence of several  exotic diseases and new forms of  ill-health in the organisms.   Some of these experts blindly believe that as compared with the background level of radiation, their nuclear plants at Kudankulam containing one or more large sized reactors are going to contribute radioactive pollution to the Environment which will be negligible as compared with the background levels.  These experts are blind to the real facts that a nuclear reactor discharges enormous amounts of radioactivity into the atmosphere and into the natural water courses like lakes and oceans on a very large scale as can be seen by the data published by several honest nuclear plant operators in other countries.  See Website:   

http://www.dianuke.org/nuclear-safety-experts-shivaji-rao/  

http://bhujangam.blogspot.in/2011/08/probable-nuclear-reactor-1100-mw.html     

iii) The Indian experts also bluff the public by designating the nuclear accidents as excursions and nuclear plant locations which will be nuclear burial grounds as nuclear parks.  They also do not know that nuclear reactors are responsible for several small scale, medium scale and large scale accidents running into hundreds of accidents per year as can be seen from the following website:
 http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~protrad/biblioteca/3Accidentes.pdf (Item No.812, Page-115)

http://www.tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2011/10/why-nuclear-accidents-are-difficult-to.html

During all these accidents high levels of radioactivity will be discharged into the Environment but  the plant owners never present the true facts to the public and hence the people only know these facts by the increased levels of cancer and birth defects among the population living in the vicinity of the nuclear plants in Rajasthan, Uttara Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu as assessed by the independent medical practitioners located  in their respective areas.  Thus nuclear plants are just silent killers of mankind and nature. 

4) SAFETY OF REACTORS:  In order to avoid the core melt-down, experts have provided a series of safety devices.  One major line of defence is emergency core cooling system (ECCS) which provides an instantaneous water supply that keeps the core from melting.  Another lineof defence is the concrete containment that surrounds the core and the pressure vessel so that even during a loss of coolant accident, no radioactivity will escape into the outside environment.  Such engineering safety measures also fail sometimes.  If the main pipe in the primary cooling breaks, immediately the control rods eliminate the nuclear fission process, halting the activity.  But the radioactivity  in the  already disintegrating fission products cannot be arrested.  In a 650MW plant, the heat formation by the radioactive disintegration process amounts to roughly 200MW three seconds after the reactor is switched off, 100 MW after one minute, 30MW after one hour and 12MW after 24 hours.

Under normal operating conditions, the reactor has an external fuel casing temperature of about 350^oC, while the interior fuel rods remain at 2220^oC.  If the cooling liquid is lost, the outer surface  of the rods heats up rapidly within 10 to 15 seconds, the fuel casing will begin to break down and within a minute, the casing will melt.

http://tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2011/09/why-indian-nuclear-plants-are-bound-to.html   

Unless the emergency cooling system comes into operation within a minute, the fuel (approximately 100 tonnes) and the supporting structure will all begin to melt, leading to a major accident.  At this stage even if the emergency cooling system works, it will make the situation worse.  The molten metals react with the cooling water to produce steam and hydrogen and heat from the fission products adds to this, thus  sinking the melten core to the ground.  In a 200MW nuclear reactor radio-fission products accumulated after one year would be equivalent to the amount released by approximately 1000 atom bombs of the Hiroshima variety.  Since the reactor pressure vessel contains the core, any loss in the pressure vessel in excess of the supply from ECCS leads to the escape of the coolant, thereby exposing the core that gets overheated within seconds.   The failure of the vessel can inflict serious damage to the core and also break the containment.

5)  EMERGENCY COOLANT FAILS: According to the advocates of nuclear power when the primary coolant comes out of the major pipe break in the coolant water loop, the control rods are immediately driven into the core to stop the fission reaction and the ECC system releases the cool water from the accumulators intended to cope with such emergencies.  But the environmental experts and opponents of nuclear power emphasise that by the time the emergency coolant water gets in the core, the temperature in the core would become so high that the water turns into high pressure steam, either obstructing the entry of more coolant or forcing it to exit through the breakage in the pipes  so that the reactor core gets overheated to cause a major disaster.  When the Aerojet Nuclear Company conducted tests of ECC system at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho, USA, mechanical failure occurred.  Subsequent tests at Oakridge National Laboratories indicated that the Zircalloyclad fuel rods may swell, rupture and obstruct the cooling channel thereby preventing the emergency cooling water from reaching the reactor core.  Fuel rod swelling commenced about 1400^oF and at 1880^oF the coolant channels were blocked by 50 to 100 percent and such a blockage could be catastrophic.  The combined effect of the rapid cooling during an emergency core cooling with the rapidly rising pressure in a reactor vessel could lead to its rupture, an accident that no nuclear plant is designed to cope with.  Failure of the vessel could occur due to inherent weakness in the construction of  the vessel itself or due to factors such as molten fuel coolant explosion or the gross failure of the vessel support system.  Steam generators also cause problems due to deformation of tubes  because of corrosion of support of plate materials, fatigue failures and tube pitting problems.  The feed water system piping is exposed to water-hammer, leading to the damage of valves.  These valves on their own face problems from packing, gasket leakage and erosion.
  http://armypubs.army.mil/eng/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/tm5_698_4.pdf

i) Places to be evacuated during accident at Kudankulam: When an accident at a nuclear plant releases enormous quantities of radioactivity into the air, water and soil environment, there will be immediate fatalities and long-term genetic damage among the exposed populations.  All the people within the zone of influence from the reactors must be evacuated.  Evacuation must be completed within 6 hours for 2 to 5km, 12 hours for 5 to 25km, 24 hours for 25 to 75km and 40 hours for over 75kms downwind from Kudankulam as per the British Accident scenario for the 1100MW, Sizewell reactor, based on a wind speed of 5m/sec rainfall of 1mm/hour and natural stability conditions of the atmosphere.  After thorough scrubbing and decontamination of lands, equipment and residences due to radioactive pollution from an accident, people may be permitted  to return to their original residence along with their cattle and other properties after three weeks upto 170kms, one year upto 140km, from 5 years upto 115km, 10 years upto 98km and 20 years upto 77kms distance from the nuclear plant.  Depending upon the weather conditions during the accident, certain places will be more affected than others.  Many villages of Ramanathapuram, Tirnelveli and Kanyakumari of Tamilnadu and Trivandrum and Quilon districts of Kerala will be affected seriously.  Killakkarai, Sattirakudi, Abiramam, Virudhnagar and Watrap of Tamilnadu and Gudalur, Thekkadi, Vengamala, Pantalam and Karunagapalli of Kerala lie within 170kms.  Sayalkudi, Nattakkadu, Sivakasi and Sattur of Tamilnadu, Edathora, Aruppokottair, Srivilliputtur and Rajapaliyam lie in between 140km and 170kms.  Karilgatti, Kalugumala and Puliyangudiof Tamilnadu, Tenmala, Kadakkal, Attingal and Kadiamkulam of Kerala lie within 115km.  Taruvaikulam, Kadambur, Tirumalapuram and Tenkasi of Tamilnadu and Palad and Attipara lie within 98kms.  Tuticorin, Kayattar and Trivandrum lie in between 98kms and 77kms, Sayarpuram Pudukkottai, tirunelveli, Ambassamudram, Mannar, Balaramapuram, Neyyattinkara, Nanguneri, Panakudi, Kolachel, Nagercoil and Cape Comorin lie within 77kms from the nuclear plant site. 

http://tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2011/10/kudankulam-nuclear-plant-explosion.html

http://tshivajirao.blogspot.in/2012/02/kudankulam-nuclear-bomb-over-tamilnadu.html

http://www.dianuke.org/lessons-of-chernobyl-and-fukushima-nuclear-safety-is-an-oxymoron/#comment-2782

6)WHY TAMILANDU NUCLEAR EXPERTS MISUNDERSTAND NUCLEAR SAFETY?:                    

 When radioactive atomic nuclei breaks up due to instability  or impinged by neutrons radiation is released as particulates or high energy wave radiation.  When such radiation hits on living cells the atoms in the cell get ionized.   The atomic nucleus contains in its electronic sheath negatively charged electrons equal to positively charged protons in the atomic nucleus and so an atom is electrically neutral in its outward effects.  If a negatively charged electron of Beta particle radiation bombards a neutral atom one or more electrons will be thrown out of the electoral sheath of the atom which becomes an ion that is a positively recharged atomic residue the newly formed ions have considerable electrical attractive power and so have capacity for strong chemical reaction.  If such reactions occur in air or dead matter nobody bothers but if ionization of atoms occurs in living tissue  it often causes damage resulting in cancer cells it causes severe damage like deformities, still births, enzyme defects and metabolic disorders.  It has to be assumed that even the smallest quantity of radioactivity can cause a corresponding damage in living cells.  If the radioactive particles or rays bombard a DNA molecule it causes ionization of atoms and the subsequent chemical reactions cause variations in basic arrangement of base sequels and break either a single strand or double strand of the double helix in DNA and so changes occur in the heritable information and the consequential damages on living organisms.  The strand of the helix sequences of phosphoric acid residual and Deoxyribose residues while the bases contain ,Adenine,Thymine, Guanine, and cytosinev residues.

 http://www.dianuke.org/nuclear-safety-experts-shivaji-rao/

7) RADIATIONS DAMAGE THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL CELLS ALSO:                        

Inside the nucleus of human cells there will be 23 pairs of chromosomes each of which is packed with DNA the genetic material to receive from the parents.  The DNA is always exposed to damaging agents like ultraviolet light, chemicals and reactive oxygen species generated by ionizing radiation.  Direct radiation like alpha or Beta (electrons) particles or X-rays which create ions that physically break one or both of the sugar phosphate backbones or break the base pairs of the DNA.  The base pairs of ATGC are held together by weak hydrogen bonds.  The bonding of these base pairs can also be damaged by ionizing radiation.  The base pairs of the DNA form sequences called nucleotides which inturn form the genes.  The genes direct the cell to make proteins which determine the cell type and regulate its working when such breaks occur the DNA repairs itself by a process called excision which occurs in 3 steps.

1.      Endonucleases cut out the damaged DNA

2.      Resysnthesis of the original DNA by DNA polymerase

3.      Ligation by which the sugar phosphate backbone is repaired

Since evaluation of species occurred in sea of radiation the DNA repair processes constantly occur.

8) WHY INDUSTRY HIDES FACTS ON RADIOACTIVE ROUTINE  RELEASES ALSO:

Everyday DNA gets 10,000 injuries due to routine chemicals.  A radioactive substance contains 1 curie when 37 billion radioactive disintegrations occur in it per cell.  Natural radioactivity of earth per gram is 1 pico curie equivalent to 1 trillionth of a cancer.  In dry air one Roentgen or Rad or Rem produces 2 billion ions per cm³.  One Rad is the radiation dosage given out by 100 ergs of energy for gram of any substance.  But since different radiations have different energy dosages their biological effectiveness is given a quality factor to identify Relative Biological effectiveness.  The RB factor is one for Beta, Gamma and X-Ray radiations.  While alpha and proton radiations have 10 times higher while neutron radiation has 4 units for slow neutron that gradually rise to 20 for fast neutron radiations.  Proton at one 10-millionth part of a gram can cause cancer as it emits alpha rays of very high radiation doses with a high factor of 3 lakh units.  If a lorry containing 25kg were to overturn in road accident the plutonium thus released could cause 250 billion cases of lung cancer.  25kg of Plutonium can be used for an atomic bomb.  Tritium with its weak Beta rays comes into waste water at 100 curies to 1000 curies per annum for a nuclear plant of 1000MW capacity.  During decay tritium atom emits an electron and is converted into stable Helium.  Tritium occurs in natural waters at 40 pico curies per liter and in public water supplies its concentration is limited to 3 million pico curies per liter.    If one strand of DNA breaks the second strand of helix as a duplicate repairs like replacing one spoiled bulb by a new one and holds the chromosome together.  Even when double strand breakages for a radiation of 100 to 500 rads exposure the repair is done in 2 to 8 hours.  But when dosage of 0.08 rads per year for a decade caused extra chromosomal damage among people of Alaska.  There will be 600 millions cells in one CC .  In Humans one percent of single strand lesions (breaks) are converted to about 50 double strand breaks in DNA for cell cycle.  Similar to the double produced by 1.52 to 2 Grays of sparsely ionizing radiation.  Although DSBs are repaired on a reliable basis, the errors in repair mechanism often cause high rate of cancer in human beings.  100 rads Gamma rays cause 300 tracks cross every nucleus of the cell based on 630KeV Gamma rays  from Ce 137 and one track for nucleus is due to 0.33 rads of Ce 137.  Background radiation causes a fraction of one track per year.  An X-ray produces 6 to 10 tracks per cell nuclei.  A Gamma ray produces one MeV( soft Gamma ray gives 100 KeV) Beta particle produces 2 MeV and Alpha particle produces 6 MeV.  1 Sv or 100 rems give one Joule per kg of energy in human tissue.  Radiation causes DNA damage in Million molecule lesions per cell per day. Human exposure to background radiation is about 2.4 mSv per year and the nuclear plants add to the public about 1 mSv  and 20 mSv for workers per year  and  this limit is based on the assumption that there is no threshold dose below which there would be no effect which means that any additional dose will cause proportional increase in damage to public health and it is based on the precautionary principle which is universally accepted. While one kg of granite or coffee produces 1000Bq, one kg of coal ash 2000  Bq, one kg 7000 Bq and 1 kg of low level radioactive waste produces one million Bq. Since the Indian Nuclear Power Corporation hides facts about routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear power plants  it becomes inevitable for Indians and others to know the  true facts from published literature in other countries dealing with nuclear power plants.  The following website present the detailed data 
http://www.ieer.org/sdafiles/16-1/tritium_releases.html

Consequently the common people cannot trust the experts of the Government organization about radiation exposure due to nuclear power plants and hence must anticipate that under different kinds of nuclear accidents there will be large scale radioactivity discharged into the environment at all the existing plants which are causing serious health impacts  as reported by independent scientists.  Since the nuclear plants cannot be prevented by the Indian experts to discharge radioactive pollution from the reactors the people have to make their own estimates in the matter and visualize what kinds of illnesses including cancer are waiting in the wings to harm lakhs of people in the near and distant places from Kudankulam reactors upto hundreds of kilometers downwind.
9] Why  Nuclear plant operators becomeautomatically license-holders to kill all fisheries and Marine Life?
   see website:http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/licensedtokill/LiscencedtoKill.pdf
http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/licensedtokill/LiscencedtoKill.pdf
 

Description and Effects of Different  Radiation Doses and Dose Rates

Dose	Description / Effects
0.3 to 0.6 mSv/a	This is the typical range of dose rates from artificial sources of radiation, mostly medical.
0.2 to 0.8 mSv/a	This is the range of worldwide average annual radiation dose from ingestion of foodstuff and water.  Variations about the mean values by factors 5 to 10 are not unusual for many components of exposure from natural sources.
2.4 mSv/a (approximately)	The normal average background radiation from natural sources.  Approximately half of this exposure is from radon in air.
13 mSv/a	This is the highest known average annual dose from background radiation that occurs in the Kerala and Madras states in India where a population of over 100 000 people is exposed to this level.
20 mSv/a	This dose averaged over 5 years is the limit for regulated practices and working activities such as the nuclear industry employees and mining and mineral processing workers, who are closely monitored.
50 mSv/a	This dose is conservatively the lowest dose rate where there is any evidence of cancer being caused.  It is also the dose rate that arises from natural background levels in several places. Above this, the probability of cancer occurrence (rather than the severity) increases with dose.
1000 mSv	This dose accumulated over some time, would probably cause a fatal cancer many years later in 5 of every 100 persons exposed to it (i.e. if the normal incidence of fatal cancer were 25%, this dose would increase it to 30%).
1 000 mSv	This dose received as a short-term dose would probably cause (temporary) illness such as nausea and decreased white blood cell count, but not death.  Above this dose the severity of illness increases with dose.
Between 2 000 and 10 000 mSv	This dose over a short-term dose would cause severe radiation sickness with increasing likelihood that this would be fatal.
10 000 mSv	This dose in a short-term dose would cause immediate illness and subsequent death within a few weeks.

9) DAMAGE TO LIFE FORMS IS OFTEN IRREVERSIBLE AND INEVITABLE MAKING NUCLEAR SAFETY A PIE IN THE SKY AND HENCE PEOPLE MUST OPPOSE THEM:

When  an electron passes through a biological cell the electron releases its energy along its path (called a track) by interacting with the electrons of nearby molecules.  The energy thus released is absorbed by atoms near the track causing excitation ( a push in the orbit of an electron to a higher energy level) or ionization (release of an electron from the atom) and the residue unstable atoms are known as radicals and are chemically highly active.  

X-ray and gamma rays unlike Beta particles release high speed electrons from atoms first.   

Positively charged particles transfer energy to molecules in the cells electrically uncharged neutrons impact of the nuclei of hydrogen atoms namely protons.   

Since the masses of the proton and neutron are similar the impact results in an elastic scattering process  as occurs in Billiards game.  The ejected protons work like charged protons.
    
Ionizations due to   radiation act directly on cell molecules or indirectly on water molecules causing water derived radicals which react with nearby molecules causing breakage of chemical bonds or addition of oxygen atoms by oxidation of the affected molecules.  

The major effect in biological cells is at DNA breaks either in single strand or double strands and the later is important biologically.  Single strand breaks can be repaired normally because of the double stranded nature of the DNA(the two strands complement each other so that an intact strand serves as a template for repair of its damaged opposite strand) 

In case of double strand breaks  the repair is  more difficult and the erroneous rejoining of broken ends may occur and such misrepairs  cause mutations, chromosome abrasions or cell death.

Radiations  differ not only by their components like electrons, protons and neutrons but also by their energy.  Radiations by neutrons and alpha particles cause dense ionization along their track and are called High Linear Energy Transfer ,High LET  radiation that is energy released per unit length of the track.  

Low LET radiations by X-Rays and Gamma rays produce ionizations sparsely along their track and homogeneously within the cell.  High LET radiations release energy in a small region of the cell and the localized DNA damage caused by High LET radiations is more difficult to repair than the diffuse DNA damage caused by the sparse ionizations from Low LET radiations. 

 The same radiation dosage produce the same total number of ionizations with the difference that Low LET radiation causes sparse ionizations whose damaging effects can be normally repaired while the High LET radiation causes dense ionization along their track causing double strand breaks which are more difficult for repair and hence are bound to cause cell deaths or mutations resulting in cancer and other forms of illness. 
 

Weighting factors WR (formerly termed Q factor) used to calculate equivalent dose
Radiation	Energy	wR (also Q)
x-rays, gamma rays, beta rays, muons		1
neutrons	< 10 keV	5
	10 keV - 100 keV	10
	100 keV - 2 MeV	20
	2 MeV - 20 MeV	10
	> 20 MeV	5
protons, charged pions	> 2 MeV	2
alpha particles, nuclear fission products, heavy nuclei		20

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness

 TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATIONS

1. General Characteristics
   
   Particulate vs. Electromagnetic Radiations: Particulate Radiations are sub-atomic particles with mass (e.g., alpha and Beta particles, electrons, neutrons). EM Radiations (X-rays and gamma rays) have no mass and no charge.
   
   High vs. Low Energy Radiation: Absorption of radiation is the process of transferring the energy of the radiation to the atoms of the media through which it is passing. Higher energy radiation of the same type will penetrate further. Usually expressed in KeV or MeV (10³ or 10⁶ electron Volts). 1 eV = 1.6 x 10^-19 Joules = 1.6 x 10^-12 ergs
   
   High vs. Low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) to absorbing material: LET is measured by the ionization density (e.g., ion pairs/cm of tissue) along the path of the radiation. Higher LET causes greater biological impact and is assigned a higher Quality Factor(QF). Example QF values: X, gamma, and beta have QF = 1; alpha QF=20; thermal neutrons QF=3; "fast" neutrons (>10 KeV) QF = 10; fission fragments QF>20.
   


2. Characteristics of Common Radiations
   
   Alpha Particles (or Alpha Radiation): Helium nucleus (2 neutrons and 2 protons); +2 charge; heavy (4 AMU).  Typical Energy = 4-8 MeV; Limited range (<10cm in air; 60µm in tissue); High LET (QF=20) causing heavy damage (4K-9K ion pairs/µm in tissue). Easily shielded (e.g., paper, skin) so an internal radiation hazard. Eventually lose too much energy to ionize; become He.
   
   Beta Particles:High speed electron ejected from nucleus; -1 charge, light 0.00055 AMU; Typical Energy = several KeV to 5 MeV; Range approx. 12'/MeV in air, a few mm in tissue; Low LET (QF=1) causing light damage (6-8 ion pairs/µm in tissue). Primarily an internal hazard, but high beta can be an external hazard to skin. In addition, the high speed electrons may lose energy in the form of X-rays when they quickly decelerate upon striking a heavy material. This is called Bremsstralung (or Breaking) Radiation. Aluminum and other light (<14) materials and organo-plastics are used for shielding.
   
   Note: Beta particles with an opposite (+) charge are called positrons. These quickly are annihilated by combination with an electron, resulting in gamma radiation (see Pair Production below).
   
   Neutrons: Neutron ejected from a nucleus; 1 AMU; 0 Charge; Free neutrons are unstable and decay by Beta emission (electron and proton separate) with T_½ of approx. 13 min. Range and LET are dependant on "speed": Slow (<10 KeV), "Thermal" neutrons, QF=3, and Fast (>10 KeV), QF=10.  http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiationionizing/introtoionizing/ionizinghandout.html

 http://www.rerf.jp/radefx/basickno_e/radcell.htm
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair
  

 When ionising radiation hit double stranded DNA the cells assembled DNA repair complxes.  Gamma H2AX (focie),+ DNA repair proteins like RAD 50, Mre 11 (proteins)  were visible in cells of health people.  But in older healthy people foci appeared slowly in contract and the repair protein complexes appeared more slowly in the cells of patients.  But in case of younger patients DNA repair proteins were recruited at Gamma H2AX foci at rate similar to older healthy people.  so aged cells assembles DNA repair mechanism at the damaged induced location slowly because the slower foci formation is due to the machinery making mistakes producing cells to more prone to cancer.  DNA damage causes tumor formation.
http://home.ccr.cancer.gov/inthejournals/PDFs/Bonner_508.pdf
 (The above websites  present data on how the DNA repair mechanisms are most often destined to fail particularly among the olden generations of people due to the slow responses from repairing units and people with pre-existisng health problems and perhaps people exposed to other forms of ill-health like tensions and exposure to various environmental pollutants etc.,)

  http://www.pnas.org/content/97/1/103.full.pdf+html

10) CRUCIAL ROLE OF THE PUBLIC TO SAVE THEIR RIGHT TO LIFE, RIGHT TO HEALTH AND RIGHT TO LIVELIHOOD AT ANY COST:

When India became  independent Mahatma Gandhi addressed a public meeting on the occasion.  He said “by making Pandit.Jawahar Lal Nehru as the Prime Minister of India I call him an uncrowned King of India.  Like anyone of us he is a humanbeing and all of you know that to err is human.  In course of his work to uplift the nation he will plan and execute  several developmental projects during the course of administration he may commit some errors who will correct such errors.  His Minister or his administrative officers will not dare to point out his mistakes and rectify them and then who will take the responsibility to put the nations destiny on the right track”.  Since none of them people presented the meeting opened their mouths he told them point blank “ it is you, the people of this great social welfare state in the democracy who have to correct even the mistakes of a Prime Minister.  If you do not come forward to rectify such defects you are unfit as responsible citizen of the great social welfare state.  Similarly Prime Minister Mrs.Indira Gandhi also wanted all the responsible citizens to protect public interest and for the purpose amended article 51A and introduced sub clause “g”  by which she proclaimed that it is the first duty o the responsible citizen to protect the water, the air, the forests, the wild life and to develop compassion for all living creatures. “That is why it has been always said that eternal vigilance is a price that the Indian people have to pay to sustain their democracy.  Thus it is the people of India who have to fight against the anti peoples actions perpetrated by the Government at the state and Central levels to safeguard the health and welfare of the present and future generations of the people in India. Coming to the case of Kudankulam nuclear reactors the people must play an active role to stop them as they are just silent killers.

In case of Kudankulam reactors it is better that the local people and school children must collect funds by begging in Tamilnadu villages and towns and present the money to the Chief Minister and Prime Minister for abandoning the present reactors on the plea that in case these reactors experience explosions on the pattern of Fukushima rectors, the people have to pay a heavy penalty of Rs.4 lakh crores which will make the state and the country fall into the trap of economic bankruptcy.  Infact in one of the villages of Cuddapah the school children who found that their family members addicted to liquor are not only dying but also ruining their families because the state Government  has considered liquor business as their main economic source of survival.  The children wanted to pay that amount realized through liquor sales to the state Government to ban liquor sales so that the families will save their own heads of families who are  the bread winners.  In Tamilnadu the experiment can be copied and implemented to stop the reactors and thereby stop the state Government do indirectly declare a nuclear war on millions of people of South Tamilnadu. 

Even in history there are many instances when a Kingdom was invaded a treacherous foreign ruler the local people used to fight against the invasion or alternatively purchase peace by paying compensation money to the invader.  Veera Pandya Kattabhraman refused to yield to the dictators of the treacherous British rulers so he was hanged in public.  Today the people of this historical Pandyan Empire have to save their lives and of their progeny against the invasion by the people in the North of Pandya Kingdom in Tamilnadu and those from the North India.  The Pandyans if they want the survival of their future generations they must resort to this  alternative course of action as followed by the children of the Cuddapah village of Andhra Pradesh.

RADIOACTIVE LIQUID EFFLUENTS(TRITIUM) RELEASED INTO  NATURAL WATER (1973)

S.No.	Name of Reactor	Liquid waste (Lakh liters)	Activity (Curies)	% contribution
				Fission Products	Tritium
1.	San Onofre-1	90	4138	0.1	98.4
2.	Haddam Neck	270	3900	0.1	99.9
3.	Yankee (Rowe)	170	694	0.1	99.9
4.	Point Beach-1,2	58	577	0.1	99.8
5.	Surray-1,2	160	449	0.1	99.6
6.	Indian Point-1	88	139	0.9	99.0

MAGNIFIED CONCENTRATION OF CESIUM RADIOACTIVITY IN FISH IN THE AQUATIC ECO-SYSTEMS:

http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Chernobyl/chernobyl.pdf 

Bio accumulation of radiocaesium in the aquatic food chain led to significant activity concentrations in fish in the most affected areas, and in some lakes as far away as Scandinavia and Germany.  Because of generally lower fallout and lower bioaccumulation, Sr-90 levels in fish were not significant for human doses in comparison to radiocasesium, particularly since Sr-90 is accumulated in bone rather than in edible muscle.  Biomagnification increased Cesium concentration in fish to be 1000 to 1600 times the concentration in the sea water in the beginning and later on it slowly decreased in fish while it increased in sea water over a number of years .

RADIOACTIVITY FROM FUKUSHIMA OF 25000 Bq OF Kg OF FISH IS 250 TIMES SAFETY LEVELS PRESCRIBED BY THE AUTHORITIES IN JAPAN:
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/world/asia/fish-off-fukushima-japan-show-elevated-levels-of-cesium.html

Sea currents quickly dispersed that radioactivity, and seawater readings off the Fukushima shore returned to near-normal levels. But fish caught in the area continue to show elevated readings for radioactive cesium, which is associated with an increased risk of cancer in humans.

Just two months ago, two greenling caught close to the Fukushima shore were found to contain more than 25,000 becquerels a kilogram of cesium, the highest cesium levels found in fish since the disaster and 250 times the government’s safety limit. 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/world/asia/fish-off-fukushima-japan-show-elevated-levels-of-cesium.html